{"id":13438,"date":"2025-07-22T11:41:35","date_gmt":"2025-07-22T08:41:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/?p=13438"},"modified":"2025-07-22T11:41:41","modified_gmt":"2025-07-22T08:41:41","slug":"reflectii-asupra-genizarii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/?p=13438","title":{"rendered":"Reflec\u021bii asupra geniz\u0103rii"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La ultima edi\u021bie a conferin\u021bei Cultural Texts & Contexts in the English Speaking World, g\u0103zduit\u0103 pentru a noua oar\u0103 de catedra de limba \u0219i literatura englez\u0103 a Facult\u0103\u021bii de Litere din cadrul Universit\u0103\u021bii or\u0103dene (felicit\u0103ri, dragi colege!), mi-a suscitat interesul studiul prezentat de participanta din Tunis, Nado Tka, despre aproprierea cultural\u0103 (Historical Power Dynamic: Reflecting on Today\u2019s Cultural Appropriation<\/em>), considerat\u0103 a fi un efect generalizat al globaliz\u0103rii, lu\u00e2nd exemplul femeii arabe care, expus\u0103 invaziei modei promovate de marile case cunoscute (Dior, Gucci sau Versace), accept\u0103 introducerea acesteia, cu modera\u021bie \u0219i cu includerea unor particularit\u0103\u021bi locale \u2013 markere culturale ale identit\u0103\u021bii ei. \u00cen mod cert, agenda feminismului, statuat\u0103 de at\u00e2tea cercet\u0103toare p\u00e2n\u0103 acum, dup\u0103 care femeile \u201eocup\u0103 un spectru aparte \u00een termeni de identitate \u0219i pozi\u021bii de putere\u201d \u0219i sunt percepute ca \u201eo manifestare de rezisten\u021b\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de autoritarismul monocultural \u0219i patriarhal al occidentului tradi\u021bional\u201d (Valdivia, 1996: 10), devine o platform\u0103 activ\u0103, constant\u0103, de manifestare a unei tendin\u021be v\u0103dite de a sus\u021bine toate eforturile acestora spre ob\u021binerea unui statut de egalitate ce poate garanta emanciparea lor. Este un fapt unanim acceptat c\u0103 doar a\u0219a se pot produce schimb\u0103ri \u00een lume, c\u0103 doar atunci c\u00e2nd \u201efemeile \u00ee\u0219i pot folosi talentul \u0219i energia\u201d \u0219i \u201e\u00eencep s\u0103-\u0219i apere singure propriile valori\u201d, via\u021ba tuturor celorlal\u021bi \u201edevine automat mai bun\u0103\u201d \u0219i c\u0103, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce femeile c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 drepturi, \u201efamiliile \u0219i societatea prosper\u0103\u201d (Gates, 2020: 37). \u00cen atare condi\u021bii, este interesant pentru cititori s\u0103 identifice acele  pasaje \u0219i argumente care reflect\u0103 anumite opinii, convingeri, idei, pre\/judec\u0103\u021bi de gen ale personajelor pentru a le descoperi perspectivele \u0219i credin\u021bele fa\u021b\u0103 de aceste stereotipuri culturale, precum \u0219i modul \u00een care sunt ele puse \u00een rela\u021bie cu rolurile de gen acceptate pentru fiecare sex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prejudec\u0103\u021bi de gen   <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studiile asupra feminismului determin\u0103 ca punct de plecare al acestei mi\u0219c\u0103ri \u201estructura patriarhal\u0103 a societ\u0103\u021bii\u201d, respectiv, \u201ediviziunea sexual\u0103 a muncii \u0219i normele interiorizate de feminitate\u201d, calit\u0103\u021bi particulare care \u201ele precondi\u021bioneaz\u0103 pentru rolul de mam\u0103\/so\u021bie\u201d (Roven\u021ba-Frumu\u0219ani,  2002: 31) \u0219i care se instituie \u0219i persist\u0103 \u00een timp, bloc\u00e2nd schimb\u0103rile pe care le aduc vremurile, a\u0219a cum remarc\u0103 v\u0103duva Adela Moisescu, \u00een 1887, \u00een c\u0103l\u0103toria sa cu trenul spre Ia\u0219i: \u201ea venit timpul  ca \u0219i noi, despre care se spune c\u0103 apar\u021binem sexului slab, s\u0103 ar\u0103t\u0103m ce putem. Am stat prea mult \u00een umbra b\u0103rba\u021bilor. Sufl\u0103 un v\u00e2nt nou \u2013 emanciparea  femeilor. \u00cen cur\u00e2nd, vocea noastr\u0103 va r\u0103suna  pretutindeni. O s\u0103 vede\u021bi, societatea va deveni mai puternic\u0103 datorit\u0103 nou\u0103, datorit\u0103 ideilor \u0219i energiei noastre, spiritului  nostru novator […]. Ca s\u0103 nu mai zic de prejudecata c\u0103 femeile trebuie s\u0103 stea cumin\u021bi acas\u0103 la crati\u021b\u0103 \u0219i la crescut plozi […]. Ce le e permis so\u021bilor trebuie s\u0103 fie \u00eeng\u0103duit \u0219i so\u021biilor. Vremea Penelopelor s-a dus.\u201d (Arion, 2018: 53)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romancierii folosesc conceptul de gen care subliniaz\u0103 \u201econstruc\u021bia social\u0103 a masculinit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a feminit\u0103\u021bii\u201d (Young, 2004: 60), precum \u0219i cel de gen-rol, ca reunind expecta\u021biile anumitor comportamente masculine \u0219i feminine, pentru a ilustra contextul social care le-a generat \u0219i pentru a articula elementele ce pot determina direc\u021biile de ac\u021biune ale personajelor; protagonista din T\u0103cerea vine prima<\/em> (2024), Dora, \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 c\u00e2teva astfel de compartimentaliz\u0103ri de gen, unele manifeste \u00een regulile familiei, \u201ec\u00e2nd vine vorba de iubire, fetele a\u0219teapt\u0103, femeile tac, iar mamele se sup\u0103r\u0103\u201d (St\u0103ncescu, 2024: 22) sau \u201ela noi \u00een familie, femeile au suferit de inim\u0103 \u0219i de singur\u0103tate\u201d (117), iar altele generate de un spa\u021biu geografic anume, \u201ela \u021bar\u0103, fetele cresc \u00eentotdeauna mai repede dec\u00e2t la ora\u0219, fiindc\u0103 via\u021ba lor e, pur \u0219i simplu, mai scurt\u0103\u201d (116), ori de aspecte legate de autoritatea intergenera\u021bional\u0103, \u201ecu fetele e simplu, spuneau femeile la \u021bar\u0103. Alea mici ascult\u0103 de p\u0103rin\u021bi. Alea mari, de c\u00e2te un dobitoc\u201d (70). Gen-rolul devine semnificativ pentru personaj\/cititor prin felul \u00een care este construit \u0219i prin felul \u00een care intersec\u021bia rela\u021biilor sociale pozi\u021bioneaz\u0103 orice individ \u00eentr-o ierarhie \u0219i o ordine care \u00eel diferen\u021biaz\u0103 \u00een termeni de diviziune a muncii, putere, sentimente, chiar \u201emoduri diferite de \u00eembr\u0103care, comportare, identificare\u201d (Young, 2004: 61); este conceptul\/concep\u021bia generat\/\u0103 \u0219i sus\u021binut\/\u0103 de fiecare cultur\u0103 \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 acesteia \u0219i structurat\/\u0103 atent de \u201eanumite tr\u0103s\u0103turi generale de personalitate, roluri sociale, pozi\u021bii sociale \u0219i profesii.\u201d (Tudose, 2005: 93)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cli\u0219eiz\u0103ri de gen<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Constatarea c\u0103 genul reprezint\u0103 \u201eo diviziune esen\u021bial\u0103 \u00een toate societ\u0103\u021bile\u201d (Dragomir, 2002: 127) care, prin semnifica\u021biile construite social \u0219i reglementate ierarhic, plaseaz\u0103 femeile de o parte \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bii de cealalt\u0103, devine un factor important \u00een economia unei povestiri pentru c\u0103 genereaz\u0103  un anume regim de gen, de care personajele\/cititorii ajung s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 seama, mai ales dac\u0103 influen\u021beaz\u0103 anumite decizii, a\u0219a cum adesea i se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 lui Kate Reddy la locul de munc\u0103, unde c\u00e2nd \u201eun b\u0103rbat care anun\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 pleac\u0103 de la birou la meciul de rugby al fiului  s\u0103u era un erou; o femeie care f\u0103cea exact acela\u0219i lucru nu era destul de implicat\u0103 \u00een munca ei. \u00cen orice moment, putea s\u0103-\u0219i abat\u0103 aten\u021bia de la serviciu c\u0103tre M\u0103micie, cale sigur\u0103 spre o carier\u0103 de agrafe de h\u00e2rtie \u0219i irelevan\u021b\u0103 […]. Nu visam s\u0103 accept c\u0103, dac\u0103 sunt mam\u0103, nu mai sunt la fel de bun\u0103 la meseria mea […]. Un p\u0103rinte care trebuie s\u0103 poarte \u00een minte puzzle-ul vie\u021bii de familie […] de cele mai multe ori, acel p\u0103rinte \u00eenc\u0103 este mama.\u201d (Pearson, 2019: 351)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cli\u0219eele sunt, \u00een general, declan\u0219ate de stereotipuri, adic\u0103 de descrieri conven\u021bionale, simplificate, privind comportamentul \u0219i caracteristicile unui segment de persoane sau ale unei categorii sociale, a\u0219a cum concluzioneaz\u0103 Faye Adelheim compar\u00e2nd cele dou\u0103 sexe: \u201eun \u0219ef a preferat s\u0103-l promoveze pe colegul de l\u00e2ng\u0103 doar pentru c\u0103 era b\u0103rbat, de\u0219i avea calific\u0103ri mai slabe \u0219i era mai pu\u021bin competent […]. Majoritatea femeilor au r\u0103ni de r\u0103zboi. \u00centr-un fel sau altul. \u0218i totu\u0219i, tac. Las\u0103 de la ele. Sunt m\u0103rinimoase. Dau dovad\u0103 de \u00een\u021belegere \u0219i iart\u0103 […]. Trec peste insulte […]. \u00centorc furia \u00een\u0103untru, spre ele \u00eensele […]; nu cer s\u0103 li se fac\u0103 dreptate. Fetele bine-crescute nu se bat. Fetele bine-crescute nu ridic\u0103 vocea. Sunt lucruri care le sunt inoculate femeilor din fraged\u0103 pruncie. Femeile privesc, accept\u0103, poart\u0103 r\u0103spunderea tuturor rela\u021biilor, \u00ee\u0219i \u00eenghit m\u00e2ndria \u0219i se subapreciaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la limita distrugerii.\u201d (Lackberg, 2019: 216) Regimul de gen, a\u0219adar, presupune anumite \u201epractici \u0219i forme institu\u021bionalizate de dominare conform unor sisteme genizate\u201d, constituite ca \u201eprincipii de ordonare social\u0103\u201d \u0219i cuprinz\u00e2nd \u201enorme specifice pentru rolurile pe care b\u0103rba\u021bii \u0219i femeile trebuie s\u0103 le joace \u00een cadrul corpului politic.\u201d (Young, 2004: 61)Exist\u0103, totu\u0219i, situa\u021bii (optimiste!!) \u00een care personajele dep\u0103\u0219esc acest dezechilibru de gen, rezist\u00e2nd oric\u0103rui impuls de marginalizare \u0219i dezvolt\u00e2nd ideea unei masculinit\u0103\u021bi\/feminit\u0103\u021bi tr\u0103ite ca anumite rela\u021bii egale, inclusive, a\u0219a cum apare \u00een familia lui Radu \u0219i a so\u021biei sale beduine, Maisah: \u201eso\u021bia mea c\u00e2nt\u0103 \u00eencet \u00een timp ce coace cl\u0103tite. Abia ce-a terminat cur\u0103\u021benia \u0219i deja a trecut la g\u0103tit […]. Ca femeie, ea nu poate invita pe cineva s\u0103 ne treac\u0103 pragul, nu are nici c\u0103derea de a-mi cere s\u0103 o fac. Dar avem felul nostru de a ne \u00een\u021belege. De unele \u00eengr\u0103diri nu a putut sc\u0103pa. De altele, da. \u0218i \u00eemi place s\u0103 cred c\u0103 eu am fost cel care a ajutat-o, ca o mic\u0103 r\u0103splat\u0103 pentru izb\u0103virea pe care mi-a adus-o.\u201d (Lamba, 2024: 9) Este o condi\u021bie devenit\u0103 spa\u021biu comun \u00een prezent c\u00e2nd putem identifica op\u021biunea pentru un model androgin, comun femeilor \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bilor, c\u00e2nd femeile aleg cariera profesional\u0103 din dorin\u021ba \u201ede a avea independen\u021b\u0103 financiar\u0103, de a demonstra competen\u021b\u0103 la locul de munc\u0103, de a satisface trebuin\u021bele de afiliere prin deschiderea spre exterior, de a putea influen\u021ba pe cei din jur prin intermediul puterii dob\u00e2ndite\u201d (Tudose, 2005: 162), sau, ca s\u0103 folosim cuvintele lui Esther, \u201eSuntem \u00een pragul secolului 21 […]. Azi se poate \u00een\u021belege c\u0103 femeia \u00ee\u0219i afl\u0103 \u00eemplinirea \u0219i \u00een alte rosturi [dec\u00e2t \u00een vremea lui Iona]. Chiar azi am citit pe internet c\u0103 femeile nu-\u0219i mai fac din m\u0103riti\u0219 un ideal, ci mai degrab\u0103 un joc. Cic\u0103 dac\u0103 e\u0219ti b\u0103rbat s\u0103 te c\u0103s\u0103tore\u0219ti, dac\u0103 e\u0219ti femeie, s\u0103 nu te deranjezi.\u201d (P\u00e2rvulescu, 202: 295)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referin\u021be<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arion, George. 2018, Trimisul special<\/em>, Bucure\u0219ti: Crime Scene Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dragomir, Otilia, 2002, \u201eLimbaj, gen \u0219i putere\u201d, \u00een Br\u0103deanu, Adina, Dragomir, Otilia, Roven\u021ba-Frumu\u0219ani, Daniela, Surugiu, Romina, Femei, cuvinte \u0219i imagini. Perspective feministe, <\/em>Ia\u0219i: Polirom (pp. 125-184)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gates, Melinda, 2020 (2019), Un moment de ascensiune. Cum emanciparea femeii schimb\u0103 lumea<\/em>, Bucure\u0219ti: Curtea Veche Publishing (trad. Alina-Gabriela Rudeanu)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lackberg, Camilla, 2019, Colivia de aur<\/em>, Bucure\u0219ti: Editura Trei (trad. Laura von Weissenberg)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lamba, Alexandru, 2024, Azilul meu, <\/em>Ia\u0219i: Polirom<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e2rvulescu, Ioana, 2020, Prevestirea,<\/em> Bucure\u0219ti: Humanitas<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pearson, Allison, 2019 (2017), C\u00e2t de greu poate fi?<\/em>, Ia\u0219i: Polirom (trad. Mihaela Buruian\u0103)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roven\u021ba-Frumu\u0219ani, Daniela, 2002, \u201eIdentitatea feminin\u0103 \u0219i discursul mediatic \u00een Rom\u00e2nia postcomunist\u0103\u201d, \u00een Br\u0103deanu, Adina, Dragomir, Otilia, Roven\u021ba-Frumu\u0219ani, Daniela, Surugiu, Romina,\u00a0 Femei, cuvinte \u0219i imagini. Perspective feministe<\/em>, Ia\u0219i: Polirom (pp. 17-66)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

St\u0103ncescu, Ioana Maria, 2024, T\u0103cerea vine prima<\/em>, Bucure\u0219ti: Editura Trei<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tudose, Cerasela, 2005, Gen \u0219i personalitate. Psihologie feminin\u0103 \u0219i psihologie masculin\u0103<\/em>, Bucure\u0219ti: Tritonic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valdivia, Angharad N., 1995, \u201eFeminist Media Studies in a Global Setting. Beyond Binary Contradictions and into Multicultural Spectrums\u201d, \u00een Feminism, Multiculturalism, and the Media. Global Diversities<\/em>, editat\u0103 de Angharad N. Valdivia, Londra: Sage Publications LTD (pp. 9-20)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Young, Brigitte, 2004 (2001), \u201eGlobalizare \u0219i gen: o perspectiv\u0103 european\u0103\u201d, \u00een Kelly, Rita Mae, Bayes, Jane H., Hawkesworth, Mary E., Young, Brigitte, editoare, Gen, globalizare \u0219i democratizare<\/em>, Ia\u0219i: Polirom (trad. Alina Pelea \u0219i Nadia Farca\u0219) (pp. 51-80)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Magda Danciu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":13439,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[52,58],"tags":[85,2511,86],"coauthors":[1239],"class_list":["post-13438","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rubrici","category-save-as","tag-magda-danciu","tag-nr-5-2025","tag-save-as"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/gen.webp","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13438","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13438"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13438\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13440,"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13438\/revisions\/13440"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13438"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13438"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13438"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistafamilia.ro\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcoauthors&post=13438"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}